
一、Why is housing so unaffordable in America?
1Things seem to be hotting up again in the American housing market, where prices of skyrocketed and interest rates have gone up, that makes it much more difficult people to afford housing. The last time housing was this unaffordable was in 2007, immediately before house prices collapsed.
2To understand why things might be different now than they were in 2008, you have to understand the supply and demand dynamics. 1st in 2007. In 2008, demand was in part being fueled by extremely lax lending standards. People were being given enormous mortgages even if they had low credit schools or not much proof of income. Today, demand is being driven in large part by millennials, of which there are many aging into their prime home buying years. That structural demand still has a long way to run.
3The 2nd is supply. In 2008, those lax lending standards had helped kick off a massive boom in home buildings. Now things are very different. There really haven't been enough houses built in America over the last 15 years. At the same time, most Americans tend to take out 30-year fixed rate mortgages, which means that if they wanted to sell and move out, they have to swap a very low interest rate mortgage for a much, much higher one.
4They are in effect trapped in their existing homes. Both of those dynamics mean that there isn't that much apply available. In many ways, it might be good news that there isn't going to be a housing crash like there was in 2008. But on the other hand, affordability in so many developed countries is already so stretched. But that feels like a crisis of a different nature.
二、World in a dish:To everything there is a season Saving foods, however quotidian, for particular times and places is a joy
1WHAT IS NIRVANA for a potato? To be sliced and slivered and bathed in boiling oil before emerging as a French fry? To have its weight matched in butter and cream and be transformed into glorious mounds of mash? No. The answer is found in a plastic bag. For a potato, there is no nobler fate than to end up in a packet of Tayto cheese-and-onion crisps.
2Taytos are the consummate crisps (potato chips to Americans). The company was established in Ireland in 1954 by Joe “Spud” Murphy. He was not the inventor of crisps, but he has been credited with transforming them. Until then there was no way to flavour the individual crisps themselves; instead, each bag came with a small blue packet of salt to be sprinkled and shaken over the contents.
3The invention after the second world war of the gas chromatograph dispensed with that DIY process. It allowed food scientists to understand the chemical compounds behind flavours such as cheese. That in turn led to the development of artificial flavours, an advance on which Murphy seized to great effect.
4He started with cheese and onion. The pairing is a classic: think of the strings of Gruyère emerging from a bowl of French onion soup, or a dish of Käsespätzle, German dumplings that are mixed with cheese and topped with caramelised onions. And the flavour combines well with spuds. Potatoes, wrote Seamus Heaney, one of Ireland’s greatest poets, promise the “taste of ground and root”. The less poetic might describe them as a bit bland. sprinkled with the salty, savory umami of Murphy’s seasoning, however, they became a cut-price sensation.
5Taytos remain the quintessential Irish crisp, but now they are available elsewhere (as, of course, are many other brands of flavoured crisps). That is a mixed blessing. Once upon a time even industrially produced foods had a limited range. To travel was to discover not only the cooking in other places, but the snacks. Going to France was a chance to chug a bulbous bottle of Orangina, a fizzy drink. For Europeans, a trip to America—or a visit from Americans—was an opportunity to stock up on Reese’s Peanut butter Cups. Thanks to a globalised food system and the appetites of homesick migrants, such items are now available far beyond their lands of origin.
6That shift entails the loss of a modest joy. At first glance a bag of Taytos is the antithesis of a seasonal or local food, characteristics that today are prized. Encased in their silvery plastic, they survive in all seasons and locales. And yet, for your columnist at least, these potato snacks are entangled with their Irish roots.
7For her, Taytos are a once-a-year treat, to be eaten on a beach in south-west Ireland shivering after an icy swim or sweating at the top of a mountain. That is not out of necessity. They can be bought in London, her home city, or ordered on the internet, albeit at a mark-up. The ingenious seasoning should taste no different in a London Park than in Murphy’s homeland. But somehow it does.
三、Georgia: Slim pickings The peach State has no peach crop this year