弗洛姆 《存在的艺术》 (5)
💛 版权©️归Erich Fromm所有,本文仅作读文学习使用。如侵权,请联系搬运工删除。
PART III
第三章
6. “To Will One Thing”
六 不渝
1. The first condition for more than mediocre achievement in any field, including that of the art of living, is to will one thing. To will one thing presupposes having made a decision, having committed oneself to one goal. It means that the whole person is geared and devoted to the one thing he has decided on, that all his energies flow in the direction of this chosen goal. Where energies are split in different directions, an aim is not only striven for with diminished energy, but the split of energies has the effect of weakening them in both directions by the constant conflicts that are engendered.
在任何领域,包括实践存在的艺术,想要做出一番成就之首要条件就是矢志不渝。这意味着得预先做一个决定,承诺一个目标。一个人将全力以赴,并把他所有的精力都用在这个选定的目标上。如果精力分散用于不同的方向,用于目标方向的就会减少,而且目标之间也会持续产生冲突,已被分散的精力会进一步削弱。
2. An obsessional neurosis is a case in point. The will of a person who is doubting whether he should do one thing or its opposite, whose attitude toward the most important people in his life is one of extreme ambivalence, may become completely paralyzed in making any decisions and or eventually in acting altogether. In the ‘normal’ case, where the aims are not so rigidly opposed, a smaller amount of energy is wasted; nevertheless, the capacity to reach any goal is greatly reduced. It actually does not matter what the goal is—material or spiritual, moral or immoral. A bank robber needs to will one thing just as much as a scientist or a violinist, provided that they want to do what they’re doing excellently or even competently. Halfheartedness leads one to prison, the others to becoming an unproductive and bored college professor or a member of a second-class orchestra, respectively. Of course, if only amateur status is aspired to, matters are different: the thief will probably get into trouble, the scientist will likely feel frustrated, while the amateur violinist will thoroughly enjoy his activity for its intrinsic value, provided he does not expect to achieve excellence.
强迫症是一个很好的例子。如果一个人总会质问自己应该做这件事还是另一件相反的事,对待生活中最重要之人也是极端的矛盾态度,在作任何决定或最终行动时可能会完全陷于瘫痪状态。在“正常”的情况下,当目标之间不是刚性对立时,精力也会耗费较少,但是,达到目标的能力将大大降低。实际上,我们的目标是什么——物质的还是精神的,道德的还是不道德的——并不重要。想把一件事情做得完美无瑕,一个银行抢劫犯也要确立目标,其专注度与一个科学家或小提琴家一样高。三心二意会导致抢劫犯入狱,也会使科学家沦为乏味的教授,使小提琴家沦为二流乐队的成员。当然,如果只是想达到业余水平,那情况就不同了:小偷可能只会惹上麻烦,科学家会感到沮丧,而小提琴手则在演奏里自得其乐,并不指望做到精益求精。
3. It is easy to observe the frequency of unresolved contradictions of goals within people. In part they are derived from a split in our culture, which provides its members with opposite sets of norms: those of Christian charity and altruism and those of bourgeois indifference and selfishness. While in practice the norm of selfishness is generally adopted, quite a few people are nevertheless still influenced by the old norms, yet not strongly enough to lead them to a different conduct of life.
彼此冲突的目标往往并存于人们心中,这已是常见现象。部分原因是我们的文化就是分裂的,它为其成员提供了彼此对立的规范:一面是基督教的慈善和利他主义,一面是资产阶级的冷漠和自私。虽然自私原则盛行,有不少人仍然受旧规范的影响,但还没有强烈到可引导他们实践不同的生活方式。
4. In contemporary industrial society the opportunities for doing things wholeheartedly are greatly reduced. Indeed, if the worker on the endless belt, the bureaucrat filing papers, the street cleaner, or the man selling stamps behind the post-office window tried to do this with a whole heart and a unified will, he would be in danger of becoming crazy. Thus, he tries to detach himself as much as he can from that work and occupy his mind with all sorts of thoughts, daydreams, or—with nothing. But there are still a number of occupations that permit the development of excellence. To name a few: those of a scientist, a physician, an artist, even of a secretary who has interesting work to do, or the work of a nurse, a bus driver, an editor, a pilot, a carpenter. The increasing mechanization and routinization of work, however, will reduce these possibilities more and more.
在现代工业社会,全心全意做事的机会也大大降低。如果传送带旁边的工人、整理文件的文员、街道清洁工或在窗口出售邮票的邮局工作人员也试图全心全意地做手头工作,他恐怕会发疯。因此,他会尽量让自己分心,让各种想法和白日梦占据他的头脑,或者干脆什么都不想。但仍然有一些职业可以让人去追求精益求精,仅举几例:科学家、医生、艺术家;对工作富有热情的秘书、护士、公交车司机、编辑、飞行员和木匠。机械化和程式化工作的增加将使这类工作越来越少。
5. To begin with, even manual and clerical work need not be automatized and routinized as it is now. As a number of recent experiments show, one can reduce the monotony of work and create the possibility of a certain degree of interest and skill by reversing the process of overspecialization and changing the methods of production in such a way that the worker decides on his method of operating and thus ceases to be narrowed down to the repetition of one or two mechanical movements. However, in any kind of industrial mass production there are limitations to the extent to which work will permit the development of interest and the striving for excellence.
其实,即使是体力劳动和文书工作也不一定要像现在这样自动化和程式化。正如最近的一系列实验表明,人们可以逆转过分专业化的操作过程,改变生产方法,从而减少重复性劳动,提升专注力和劳动技能。但是任何大批量工业生产都会限制人们发挥自主、追求卓越。
6. The matter is quite different where we do not speak of the technical aspect of work but of its social aspect. This is more obvious today, when nearly all work is teamwork, from the work in an automobile plant to that in a research institute. Everyone finds himself in a net of interpersonal relations and is part of it, in various ways and to varying degrees. The social situation in which I live is part of my own life; it affects me as I affect it. If the blue—and white—collar workers in an industrial enterprise or the nurses and employees in the hospital once they cease to be “employed” participated in managing the institutions by themselves, if they could build a community together with all who work in the same institution, they would have a task set before them that can achieve excellence by the rationality of organization and the quality of human relations. In such productive work each would also work productively on his own life.
如果我们不谈工作的技术方面,谈交际影响,情况又完全不同。在今天更是显而易见,从汽车装配厂到研究机构,几乎所有的工作都是以团队形式进行。每个人都身处人际关系的网络里,以不同方式、不同程度地成为其中的一部分。我所生活的社会环境是我生活的一部分,我们相互影响。如果企业里的蓝领和白领工人或医院的护士和员工不再仅仅是雇员,而是参与管理,如果他们能和在同一机构工作的人形成团体,那么他们可以卓越地完成目标,因为组织合理,人际关系融洽。这样富有成效地工作,每个人的生活也会富有意义。
7. Aside from the place of work as a social organization, the optimal organization of society as a whole gives everyone the possibility to contribute with his whole heart. However, to achieve this would require that society and its political representative, the state, ceased to be powers that stood over and against the citizen, but that they are the product of his work. At the present stage of alienation this is quite impossible; in a humanized society, aside from his own life, society itself becomes man’s most important work fact—and the ends of both coincide.
此外,社会作为一个整体,也可给人以全心投入的机会。然而,要实现这一点,就需要这个社会及政权代表不再高高在上,而要成为众人工作的成果。现阶段的异化形势使之无法实现;在一个人性化的社会中,除了自己的生活,社会本身也是最重要的工作,两者是一致的。