弗洛姆 《存在的艺术》 (9)
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PART IV 第四章 (3)
13. Methods of Self-Analysis (1)
十三 自我分析的方法
1. It would require a book in itself to write in full about how to learn to analyze oneself. Hence I must restrain myself here to a few simple suggestions. Before one can even begin, one must have learned to be still, to sit relaxed, and to concentrate. When these first conditions are achieved—at least to some degree—one can proceed in different ways that by no means exclude each other.
如何学会分析自己需要写一本书来阐述。这里我只提几个简单的建议。开始之前,我们需静下来,放松地坐着,并集中注意力。做好这些之后——至少要做到一定程度,才能以不同的方法往下进行,这些方法绝不是相互排斥的。
2. (1) One may try to remember the thoughts that were intruding while one tried to be still, and then “feel one’s way into them” with the aim of seeing whether they have any connection, and what it might be. Or one may proceed by observing certain symptoms such as feeling tired (in spite of sufficient sleep), or depressed, or angry, and then “feel around” what it was a reaction to and what was the unconscious experience behind the manifest feeling.
(1)静坐冥想时,可以尝试记住涌入脑中的杂念,然后“以感觉的方式进入杂念”,目的是看它们到底是什么,之间是否有关联。或继续通过观察某些症状,如感觉疲劳(尽管有足够的睡眠)、沮丧、愤怒,然后“摸索”这是对什么的反应,在这种表面的感觉背后,有什么潜意识经验。
3. I intentionally do not say “to think,” because one does not arrive at an answer by theoretical thought; at best, one arrives at a theoretical speculation. What I mean by “feeling around” is an imaginative “tasting” of various possible feelings until, if one has succeeded, a certain realization appears with clarity as being the root of the conscious experience of, say, tiredness. An example: One tries to imagine previous instances of such tiredness and whether, later on, one became aware of the cause. One imagines several possibilities that could be at the bottom of the tiredness, such as a difficult task one tried to postpone instead of facing the difficulty, an ambivalent feeling toward a friend or a loved person, a criticism that might have hurt one’s narcissism to the extent of causing a slight depression, a meeting with a person in which one pretended a friendliness that was not genuine.
我有意不说“思考”这个字眼,因为单凭抽象思考得不到答案,至多能得出一个推测。我所说的“摸索”是指富有想象力地“品味”各种可能的感觉,直至——如果成功的话——某种意识清晰浮现,比方说,疲劳的根源。举个例子:你可以试着想象以前疲倦时的感觉,以及后来是否意识到疲倦的原因。人们可以想象出几种可能的原因,如试图拖延完成难以完成的任务;对朋友或心爱的人有一种矛盾的感觉;可能挫伤了对方的自恋感甚至使其轻微抑郁的批评;与人会面,对方的友好其实是假装的。
4. A more complex example is the following: A man has fallen in love with a girl. Suddenly, after some months, he feels tired, depressed, listless. He might try to find all sorts of rationalizing explanations, such as that his work is not going well (which may indeed be caused by the same factor that causes the tiredness) or that he is disappointed and saddened by political developments. Or he may acquire a severe cold and thus find a satisfactory answer. But if he is sensitive toward his own feelings, he may observe that recently he has tended to find fault in little things with the girlfriend, that he had a dream in which she had an ugly face and cheated on him. Or he may notice that while he was always very eager to see her, he has now found reasons that make it necessary to postpone planned visits.
还有更复杂的例子:一名男子爱上了一个女孩。几个月后,他突然感到疲倦,情绪低落,无精打采。他可能试着找到各种合理的解释,比如工作上不太称心如意(可能也是导致疲劳的因素所引起)或对政治感到失望和难过。或许他得了重感冒,需要找到一个满意的答案。但是,如果对自己的感情很敏感,他就可以观察到,最近他总在寻找女友的小差错,他梦到她有张丑脸并欺骗他。或者他可能会注意到,以前他总是很渴望见她,而现在他却会找借口推迟约会。
5. These and many other little signs may indicate to him that something is wrong in his relationship with her. If he concentrates on this feeling, it suddenly may dawn on him that his picture of her has changed, that in the first blossoming of his erotic and sexual attraction to her he had not noticed certain negative traits and that her sweet smile seems now to be calculated and actually cold.
这些以及许多其他微小的迹象可以表明他和她之间的关系出现了问题。如果他专注于这种感觉,他就会突然发现她在他心目中的形象已经改变,最初的吸引使他没有注意到某些负面的特征,她甜美的笑容如今似乎显得颇有心计又十分冷酷。
6. He may trace back this change in his judgment to a certain evening when he had entered a room and watched her talking to other people, before she had seen him. At that moment he felt almost sick, but put away this feeling as “neurotic” or irrational but then the next morning he had awakened with the depressed feeling from which he has suffered, by now, for several weeks. He had tried to repress the new awareness, and his doubts, because on the stage of conscious life the script of love and admiration was still being acted out.
对于这种变化,他追溯至某个黄昏。那天,在她没注意时,他进入了房间,看着她跟其他人一起聊天。在那一刻,他觉得几乎有些恶心,但把这种感觉归结为“神经质”或非理性。然而第二天早上醒来之后,他却仍然对昨天的事情感觉郁闷,其实已持续数周。他曾试图压制这种新的感觉和质疑,因为在有意识的舞台上,人们仍然依照爱恋和赞美的剧本在表演人生。