弗洛姆 《存在的艺术》 (6)
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PART III
第三章
9. To Concentrate
九 专注
1. The capacity to concentrate has become a rarity in the life of cybernetic man. On the contrary, it seems as if he does everything to avoid concentration. He likes to do several things at the same time, such as listen to music, read, eat, talk with friends. A cartoon has expressed this trend quite succinctly: A man has installed a television on the wall above his bed, so that he could look at the screen while he was making love!
专注这种能力在自动化生活中已属罕见。相反,人类似乎在竭尽全力来避免集中注意力。他喜欢同时做几件事情,比如同时听音乐、阅读、吃饭、与朋友交谈。有一幅漫画相当简洁地表达了这种倾向:一名男子在床上方的墙壁上安装了一个电视,这样他就可以一边盯着电视屏幕,一边做爱!
2. Indeed, television is a good teacher of non-concentration. By interruptions of a program for advertising, the audience becomes conditioned not to concentrate. Reading habits exhibit the same tendency. The fashion of editing and publishing anthologies accentuates this trend. Worse, one is offered fragments of thought by an author as a substitute for reading his book; thereby one does not need to concentrate in order to grasp a complex system of thoughts, but gets the “meat” in easy chunks that require far less concentration. Many students have the habit of never reading a whole book, even if there is no anthology or abridgment. The introduction, the conclusion, some pages that the professor has indicated—and one “knows” the author’s thought, at least superficially and without need to concentrate.
事实上,电视是一个引导你分散注意力的好老师。一个节目中间会插播广告,观众习以为常。阅读习惯也表现出相同的倾向。编辑和出版作品选集的流行使这一趋势更加突出。更糟的是,只摘录某位作家的思维片段,来代替阅读整本书,从而不需要集中注意力来领会观念之间的复杂逻辑,只用很少的专注力来获取“主要内容”。即使没有选集或删节本,许多学生也从来没有阅读整本书的习惯。读一读序言、结论以及教授指定阅读的部分,就算“知道”了作者的思想,至少在表面上知道,而且不需要集中注意力。
3. How little concentration on a subject and on the other person occurs in conversations is surely known to anyone who observes average oral exchanges. When people are by themselves they also avoid concentrating on anything; they immediately pick up a newspaper or a magazine, which permits easy reading and demands no real concentration.
那些注意过日常谈话的人都知道,在对话中,人们很少把注意力集中在一个话题以及谈话者身上。当人们独处时,他们也会避免把注意力集中在什么东西上;他们会立刻拿起报纸或一本杂志,这种随意阅读不要求真正的注意力集中。
4. Concentration is such a rare phenomenon because one’s will is not directed to one thing; nothing is worth the effort to concentrate on it, because no goal is pursued passionately. But there is more to it: People are afraid to concentrate because they are afraid of losing themselves if they are too absorbed in another person, in an idea, in an event. The less strong their self, the greater the fear of losing themselves in the act of concentration on the non-self. For the person with a dominant having orientation this fear of losing oneself is one of the main factors that operates against concentration. Finally, to concentrate requires inner activity, not busy-ness, and this activity is rare today when busy-ness is the key to success.
注意力集中就是这样罕见的现象,因为一个人的意志没有集中于一件事情。没有什么事情是值得集中注意力去努力完成的,因为没有充满激情去追求的目标。还有就是人们害怕集中注意力,如果他们太专注于一个人、一种想法或一件事,他们会害怕失去自己。自我越弱,在关注他物时越怕失去自己。对于完全以拥有物的多寡来衡量生活意义的人来说,害怕失去自己是他们不愿意集中注意力的主要原因之一。最后一点,集中注意力需要内心认知活动,不是忙忙碌碌,忙着维持各种联系;而当忙碌成为成功的关键,就意味着内心活动在今天愈发稀少。
5. There is still another reason why people are afraid of concentrating: They think that concentrating is too strenuous an activity and that they would get tired quickly. In fact the opposite is true, as anyone can observe in oneself. Lack of concentration makes one tired, while concentration wakes one up. There is no mystery in this. In unconcentrated activity no energy is mobilized, since a low level of energy is sufficient to do the task. Mobilization of energy, which has a psychic as well as a physiological aspect, has the effect of making one feel alive.
人们害怕集中注意力还有一个原因:他们认为这是一项过于费力的活动,他们会很快疲劳。其实正相反,因为每个人都可以观察自己。是注意力分散让人疲惫,而注意力专注却使人清醒。这没有什么神秘可言。在非专注活动中无需调动能量,因为低能量足够完成任务。而能量的调动既有生理影响,也有心理影响,可以使人充满活力。
6. The difficulty with concentrating is, in the last analysis, the outcome of the whole structure of the contemporary system of production and consumption. The more man’s work is to service a machine or to act as that part of a machine that has not yet been devised in iron or steel, the less has he a chance to concentrate. The process of work is too monotonous to permit genuine concentration. The same holds true for consumption. The market offers as many different bits of amusement as possible, such a variety that it is neither necessary nor possible to concentrate on any one thing. Where would industry be if people began to concentrate on a few things rather than getting tired quickly of something and rushing out to buy new things that are exciting because they are new?