I. Geography of Italy

The geography of Italy includes the description of all the physical geographical elements of Italy. Italy, whose territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical region, is located in southern Europe and comprises the long, boot-shaped Italian Peninsula crossed by the Apennines, the southern side of Alps, the large plain of the Po Valley and some islands including Sicily and Sardinia. Italy is part of the Northern Hemisphere. Two of the Pelagie Islands (Lampedusa and Lampione) are located on the African continent.

The total area of Italy is 301,230 km2 (116,310 sq mi), of which 294,020 km2 (113,520 sq mi) is land and 7,210 km2 (2,784 sq mi) is water. It lies between latitudes 35° and 47° N, and longitudes 6° and 19° E. Italy borders Switzerland (698 km or 434 mi), France (476 km or 296 mi), Austria (404 km or 251 mi) and Slovenia (218 km or 135 mi). San Marino (37 km or 23 mi) and Vatican City (3.4 km or 2.1 mi) are enclaves. The total border length is 1,836.4 km (1,141.1 mi). Including islands, Italy has a coastline of 7,900 km (4,900 mi) on the Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ligurian Sea, Sea of Sardinia and Strait of Sicily.

The Italian geographical region, in its traditional and most widely accepted extent, has an area of approximately 324,000 square kilometres (125,000 sq mi), which is greater than the area of the entire Italian Republic (301,230 square kilometres or 116,310 square miles). The Italian geographical region also includes territories that are sovereign parts of Croatia, France, Slovenia and Switzerland, as well as the four small independent states of the Principality of Monaco, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of San Marino and the Vatican City State (the Holy See).

Italy is joined to the central-western section of the European continent by the Alps. Due to its position, it constitutes a bridge between Europe and Africa. In particular, the Italian peninsula is located in the center of the Mediterranean Sea, between the Balkans and Hellenic peninsula to the east, the Iberian peninsula to the west, North Africa to the south and continental Europe to the north separated by the Alps.

Italy also separates the western basin of the Mediterranean Sea from the eastern basin — that is, the Tyrrhenian Sea from the Ionian Sea — extending towards the west with Calabria and Sicily, which together geologically form a peninsular extension. Only 140 km (87 mi) separate Sicily and Africa (the Tunisian peninsula), by the channel of Sicily.

To the east, Salento is 70 km (43 mi) from the Albanian coast, at the narrowest point of the Strait of Otranto. It is Capo d'Otranto (also called Punta Palascìa), located at 40° 7' north latitude and 18° 31' east longitude. To the north of Salento lies the long and narrow inlet of the Adriatic Sea.

 The islands of Sardinia and Corsica then divide the Tyrrhenian Sea from the Sardinian Sea.

The coastal development of the Italian peninsula and islands is vast; about 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi), which is much larger than that of the Iberian peninsula, but much less than that of the Balkans.

Italy has a prevalence of hilly areas (41.6% of the territory) compared to mountainous areas (35.2% of the territory), or flat areas (23.2%).

The Italian soil today is the result of anthropization and is partly mountainous, partly hilly, partly volcanic, partly endolagunar with bumps, polesine, islands, dried up by reclamation (Bonifiche Circeo, Ferraresi, Comacchio, Ostiense, Pisana and so on) with ever greater raising of embankments (for example the withdrawal of 1.7 billion cubic meters per year of fresh water, from 20 consortia from Veneto alone).

No inhabited center in Italy is more than 294 km (183 mi) from the sea and the Italian municipality farthest from the sea is Madesimo (province of Sondrio) which is 294 km (183 mi) from the Ligurian Sea.

The Italian geographical region, in its traditional and most widely accepted extent, has an area of approximately 324,000 square kilometres (125,000 sq mi), which is greater than the area of the entire Italian Republic (301,230 square kilometres or 116,310 square miles). The Italian geographical region also includes territories that are sovereign parts of Croatia, France, Slovenia and Switzerland, as well as the four small independent states of the Principality of Monaco, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of San Marino and the Vatican City State (the Holy See). Italy and the Italian geographical region are both divided into three parts, albeit with some differences.

II. Geografia I

La Penisola 

L’Italia è una penisola situata nel centro del Mediterraneo. Due grandi isole, la Sicilia e la Sardegna, fanno parte dell’Italia. A nord, una catena di monti, le Alpi, separa la penisola dal resto dell’Europa e la difende tradizionalmente non solo da possibili invasioni, ma anche dai freddi venti del nord. Nelle Alpi sorgono i monti più alti d’Europa: il Monte Bianco (4.810 m—15 mila piedi), il Monte Rosa, il monte Cervino. Un’altra catena di monti, gli Appennini, attraversa l’Italia da nord a sud. Anche queste montagne funzionano da barriera geografica e molte delle differenze di paesaggio, di clima e di costumi sono dovute alla loro esistenza. 

Nel nord, nella zona più larga della penisola, si trovano le pianure più estese, i grandi laghi e i lunghi fiumi ricchi di acque perenni. Il Po è il fiume più lungo e i suoi più importanti affluenti alimentano tre grandi laghi: il Ticino forma il Lago Maggiore, l’Adda forma il lago di Como, il Mincio forma il lago di Garda. Altri fiumi che bagnano la Pianura Padana sono l’Adige, il secondo fiume d’Italia, il Piave e l’Isonzo. Nella parte centrale e meridionale invece, le propaggini degli Appennini rendono il terreno aspro e accidentato e qui i fiumi sono corti e torrenziali e i pochi laghi sono di origine vulcanica. 

L’estensione della penisola è di 116 miglia quadrate (186 kmq), ma le sue coste misurano 8000 miglia (12.875 km). La popolazione dell’Italia supera i 56 milioni di abitanti ed è distribuita in 20 regioni. 

L’Italia Settentrionale