Passage 1 南极微生物“失踪”
1.Scientists searching for microbes in Antarctica cameup with none. What could these findings mean for thepossibility of life beyond Earth?
Microbes can be invisible to the naked eye, yet theyform an integral part of every ecosystem on Earth. Fromgrasslands and deserts to forests and marine habitatsmicrobes are found all over the planet. Typically, aspoonful of soil can contain billions of microbes.
2.Scientists, led by ecologist Noah Fierer collected204 soil samples near Antarctica's Shackleton Glacier Surprisingly, the samples seemed incapable of hostinglife-coming back with no microbes at all. If confirmedthis will be the first time scientists have found soil thatdoesn't support any microbial life. What's more, expertssay these conditions bear resemblance to the surface ofMars-giving researchers a look inside the possibility oflife (or lack thereof)on the Red Planet. These findings suggest that an extremely cold and arid climate like that of the sample site may be incapable of hosting life.
3.While proving a negative in science is notoriously difficult, this leads to the question--If microbescan't even survive in this Antarctic climate, what does that mean for life on other planets!
4.After years of experimenting on the Antarctic soil, Fierer's team felt confident enough to declarethey could not detect life in their samples. While other microbiology experts claim this could be a falsenegative, even if there are just a few undetected microbes in the soil-there is still evidence that coldand dry climates pose a significant challenge to life.
5.As scientists continue to search for the possibility of aliens, “they will inevitably be forced to walkthe line between evidence of absence and absence of evidence.”
#参考译文#
科学家们在南极搜寻微生物,结果一无所获。这些发现对地球以外生命存在的可能性意味着什么呢?凭肉眼可能看不到微生物,但它们是地球上每个生态系统中不可分割的一部分。从草地、沙漠到森林和海洋栖息地,地球上各个角落都可见徽生物。通常情况下,一勺土壤中可含有数十亿个微生物。
生态学家诺亚,菲尔勒带领一个科学家团队在南极沙克尔顿冰川附近收集了204个土壤样本。令人吃惊的是,这些土壤样本似乎不适合生物生存一一完全检测不到徽生物。如果结果确认无误,那么这将会是科学家们第一次发现完全不适合微生物生存的土壤。此外,专家们还称这些土壤条件与火星表面的土壤类似这给了研究者们一个线索,得以进一步探讨这颗红色星球(火星)存在生命(或无生命)的可能性。这些研究结果表明,类似于取样点这样极寒和干燥的气候,可能无法孕育生命。
#核心词汇#
microbe n. /ˈmaɪkrəʊb/ an extremely small living thing that you can only see under a microscope and that may cause disease 微生物
invisible adj. /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/ ~ (to sb/sth)that cannot be seen 看不见的;隐形的
the naked eye 裸眼,肉眼
integral adj. /ˈɪntɪɡrəl/ ~ (to sth)being an essential part of sth 必需的;不可或缺的
ecosystem n. /ˈiːkoʊˌsɪstəm/ a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment 生态系统
marine adj. /məˈriːn/ related to the sea 海洋的
habitat n. /ˈhæbɪtæt/ the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism. 栖息地
typically adv. /ˈtɪpɪkli/ in a way that shows the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person, thing, or group 通常地
contain v. /kənˈteɪn/ to have something inside 拥有;包含
glacier n. /ˈɡleɪʃər/ a large mass of ice that moves slowly 峡谷
resemblance n. /rɪˈzembləns/ the state of being similar to someone or something 相似
arid adj. /ˈærɪd/ (of land or a climate) having little or no rain 干旱的
notoriously adv. /noʊˈtɔːriəsli/ used to emphasize that a quality or fact, typically a bad one, is well known 臭名昭著地
detect v. /dɪˈtekt/ to discover or notice something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear, etc. 察觉,发觉
Passage 2 野牛和人类
When human beings first migrated from Asia into North America at the end of the last ice age, they found an enormousnow extinct creature known as the giant long-horned bison (Bisorpriscus). We know that early Americans hunted these beasts because excavated skeletons of the bison bear stone spear tips. The style of the points dates them to twelve to thirteen thousandyears ago, not long after the first wave of human immigrant swashed south and east across the continent. These earlyAmericans ate a variety of plants and animals, but judging fromthe campsite remains, they had a special taste for long-hornedbison, It was their favorite prey, perhaps because one animalfilled so many stomachs.
The giant horns that gave Bison priscus its common nametell us some important things about its lifestyle. Animals withgigantic weapons on their heads usually live alone or in small groups. Animals that live in herds usually have small horns. Horns and antlers help males in severalways. Animals use these horns and antlers to fight with other members of the same species, to increasetheir appeal to potential mates, and to protect themselves from predators. Fossil bones suggest that giantpison used their long, outward-facing horns to injure their opponents. An individual with longer hornshad a better chance of circumventing its opponents’ horns and fatally wounding them than one withshorter horns, and females probably preferred to mate with winners of these contests rather than withosers, either because they liked what they saw in the male or because thev liked the territory that themale could defend from competitors.
#参考译文#
在上一个冰河时代末期,当人类第一次从亚洲迁徙到北美时,他们发现了一种巨大的生物,也就是后来我们所知道的体型庞大的长角野牛(西伯利亚野牛),该动物现已灭绝。我们从挖掘出来的野牛骨架上发现了石矛尖,因此了解到早期美洲人猎杀过这些动物。矛尖的样式可以追溯到距今一万两千年到一万三千年前那时,第一批人类移民才刚涌入美洲大陆的南部和东部。这些早期美洲人食用各种动植物,但从营地遗址来看,他们偏好长角野牛。这是他们最喜欢的猎物,或许是因为一只长角野牛就可以喂饱许多人
西伯利亚野牛因其巨大的牛角而得名“长角野牛”,这也向我们揭示了其生活方式的一些特征。头部长着巨型“武器”的动物通常独居或小群体集居。群居动物的角通常较小。头角在某些方面能帮助到雄性动物。动物会用角与同物种的其他动物进行搏斗,增强自己对潜在配偶的吸引力,还可保护它们自己不被猎杀。骨化石显示,壮硕的野牛利用它们长长的、向外延伸的牛角来伤害它们的敌人。角长的野牛比角短的野牛更有机会规避对手的进攻,并给对手致命的打击,而雌性长角野牛也可能更喜欢与在这些搏斗中胜出的雄性交配,而非失败者,可能因为它们喜欢在这些雄性身上看到的特质,或喜欢胜利者能够捍卫的领地。
#核心词汇#
migrate /ˈmaɪɡreɪt/ vi. 迁徙 (to move from one region or habitat to another, especially regularly according to the seasons 从一个地区或栖息地移动到另一个地方,尤其是根据季节定期迁徙)
enormous /ɪˈnɔːrməs/ adj. 巨大的 (very large in size, quantity, or extent 在尺寸、数量或范围上非常大)
bison /ˈbaɪsən/ n. 野牛 (a large, shaggy-haired wild ox native to North America and Europe 一种大型的、长毛的野牛,原产于北美和欧洲)
hunt /hʌnt/ vt. 猎杀 (to pursue and kill wild animals for sport or food 追捕和杀害野生动物以供娱乐或食用)
excavate /ˈɛkskəˌveɪt/ v. 挖掘 (to dig a hole or channel in the ground by removing material 挖掘地面以形成洞穴或通道)
date /deɪt/ vt. 确定年代 (to determine the age of something 确定某物的年代)
wash /wɒʃ/ v. 冲向 (to flow or be thrown against something in waves or surges 流动或被波浪冲击到某物)
prey /preɪ/ n. 猎物 (an animal that is hunted and killed by another for food 被其他动物追捕和杀害以供食用的动物)
gigantic /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/ adj. 巨大 (extremely large 巨大的)
herd /hɜːrd/ n. 兽群 (a large group of animals, especially hoofed mammals, that live, feed, or migrate together 一大群动物,尤其是蹄类动物,共同生活、进食或迁徙)
predator /ˈprɛdətər/ n. 捕食性动物 (an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals 捕猎、杀害和吃其他动物的动物)
injure /ˈɪndʒər/ v. 伤害 (to cause physical harm or damage 造成身体上的伤害或损害)
opponent /əˈpəʊnənt/ n. 对手 (a person who competes with or opposes another in a contest, game, or argument 在比赛、游戏或争论中与他人竞争或对立的人)
circumvent /sərˈkʌmvɛnt/ vt. 规避 (to find a way around or avoid an obstacle or problem 找到绕过或避免障碍或问题的方法)
competitor /kəmˈpɛtɪtər/ n. 竞争者 (a person or entity that competes with others in a contest or market 与他人在比赛或市场中竞争的个人或实体)
Passage 3 鸟鸣