剧本角色
A
男,0岁
这个角色非常的神秘,他的简介遗失在星辰大海~
B
女,0岁
这个角色非常的神秘,他的简介遗失在星辰大海~
一、Oceanography:What lies beneath
Much of Earth is unexplored. An ocean census hopes to change that
1“Earth” has always been an odd choice of name for the third planet from the Sun. After all, an alien examining it through a telescope would note that two-thirds of its surface is covered not by earth at all, but by oceans of water.
2Because humans are land-lubbing animals, most of the Earth remains under-explored. marine biologists think the oceans might host more than 2m species of marine animals, of which they have so far catalogued perhaps a tenth. Oceanographers are fond of pointing out that scientists have mapped nearly all of the Martian surface, but less than a quarter of the seabed.
3A new initiative hopes to change this. Launched in London on April 27th, Ocean Census aims to discover 100,000 new species of marine animal over the coming decade. It is backed by Nekton, a British marine-research institute, and the Nippon foundation, Japan’s biggest charitable foundation. Its first ship, the Norwegian icebreaker Kronprins Haakon, set sail on April 29th, bound for the Barents Sea.
4The initiative is happening now for two reasons. One is that, the longer scientists wait, the less there will be to catalogue. Climate change is heating the oceans, as well as making them more acidic as carbon dioxide dissolves into the water. Already around half the world’s coral reefs—thought to be home to around 25% of all ocean species—have been lost. Oliver Steeds, Nekton’s founder and chief executive, says that one of Ocean Census’s priorities will be cataloguing species thought to be in the greatest danger from climate change. Otherwise, he says, the risk is of “the forest burning down and not knowing what was there before [it] was lost”.
5The second reason is technological. marine biologists find about 2,000 new species a year, a rate hardly changed since Darwin’s day. Ocean Census is betting it can go faster. “Cyber taxonomy”, for instance, involves feeding DNA sequences from animals into computers, which can quickly decide whether it is a new species. The ability to describe new creatures, as well as simply cataloguing them, has also improved. Fancy cameras on remote-operated vehicles, for instance, allow scientists to make laser scans of deep-sea creatures such as jellyfish without removing them from their habitat. Just as the immense pressures of the deep sea are fatal for humans, taking such a jellyfish to the surface for examination reduces it to gooey slime.
6Ocean Census is not the first attempt to conduct a systematic survey of life in the oceans. The Census of marine Life was a ten-year effort, begun in 2000, to seek out new species. The Global Ocean sampling Expedition, which ran from 2004 to 2006, aimed to catalogue microbial life in the sea by sampling waters from across the world. (It was funded by Craig Venter, a biologist-cum-entrepreneur, and carried out on his personal yacht.)
7Exactly what the new effort might turn up, of course, is impossible to predict. But history suggests it will be fruitful. Half a century ago scientists discovered hot vents on the sea bed that were home to organisms living happily in conditions that, until then, had been thought inimical to life. These days, such vents are one plausible candidate for the origin of all life on Earth.
8There are more practical benefits, too. Many drugs, for example, come originally from biological compounds. An ocean full of uncatalogued life will almost certainly prove a rich seam from which to mine more. One type of marine snail, Conus magus, was recently discovered to produce a painkilling compound 1,000 times more potent than morphine.
9To help make use of its data, Ocean Census plans to make it freely available to scientists and the public, who will be able to scour it for anything useful or surprising. The point of exploration, after all, is that you never know what you might find.
二、South Korean tattooists:Art in the dark
Korean tattoo artists are lauded abroad and locked up at home
1The unmarked grey door in central Seoul could lead to just another office in South Korea’s capital. Yet behind it Kim Do-yoon creates intricate artwork that has garnered commissions from K-pop stars, chaebol bosses and Hollywood royalty, including Brad Pitt. Better known as Doy, the tattooist is careful not to advertise the presence of his studio. For each of his artworks is also a crime.
2Worth some 200bn won ($151m) a year according to the Korea tattoo Association (KTA), South Korea’s tattoo industry is small but culturally significant. Spring brings blooms of colour as short sleeves and skimpy tops reveal the inked-up arms of the country’s hipsters. Outside South Korea, the reputation of its artists has grown alongside the taste for the country’s other cultural exports. A tattoo from a South Korean artist confers a similar level of cool as a taste for South Korean music or cinema.
3Yet its artists are forced to work underground. In 1992 a South Korean court ruled that tattooing creates health risks and ought to require a medical licence. Tattooists without that qualification can receive a fine of 50m won ($38,000) or up to five years in prison. Doy reckons a couple are locked up every year. The ban also means that tattooists are vulnerable to blackmail, exploitation or sexual assault because they cannot report perpetrators for fear of incrimination.
4Young politicians have tried to drag the industry into the mainstream. Ryu Ho-jeong, a 30-year-old MP, introduced a bill in 2021 that would improve working conditions and allow tattooists to report their income. Doy has taken a more aggressive approach, frequently appearing in court for the past four years to appeal a conviction and draw attention to the plight of less famous colleagues.
5South Korean society is increasingly siding with Doy and Ms Ryu. The elderly still disapprove of tattoos, considering them signs of criminality. Yet over half of South Koreans as a whole and more than four-fifths of those in their 20s believe qualified tattooists should be allowed to ink up customers. Far from “a deviant act”, for young people a tattoo is just another consumer product, says Ha Jisoo of Seoul National University.
6Unsurprisingly, the tattooists’ main adversaries are doctors, who claim it is risky to let non-doctors tattoo. They stand to lose a lucrative sideline: in 2022 the market for semi-permanent tattoos, used mostly for cosmetic procedures, was worth as much as 1.8trn won ($1.4bn), reckons the KTA.
7The South Korean government, usually keen to promote its culture, has so far been hesitant to upset this powerful lobby. Yet that may be changing: apparently aware of tattooists as a potential source of revenue, the government has already assigned them a tax code.
三、The economics of AI :A stochastic parrot in every pot?
What a leaked memo from Google reveals about the future of artificial intelligence
1They have changed the world by writing software. But techy types are also known for composing lengthy memos in prose, the most famous of which have marked turning points in computing. Think of Bill Gates’s “Internet tidal wave” memo of 1995, which reoriented Microsoft towards the web; or Jeff Bezos’s “API mandate” memo of 2002, which opened up Amazon’s digital infrastructure, paving the way for modern cloud computing. Now techies are abuzz about another memo, this time leaked from within Google, titled “We have no moat”. Its unknown author details the astonishing progress being made in artificial intelligence (AI)—and challenges some long-held assumptions about the balance of power in this fast-moving industry.
2AI burst into the public consciousness with the launch in late 2022 of ChatGPT, a chatbot powered by a “large language model” (LLM) made by OpenAI, a startup closely linked to Microsoft. Its success prompted Google and other tech firms to release their own LLM-powered chatbots. Such systems can generate text and hold realistic conversations because they have been trained using trillions of words taken from the internet. Training a large LLM takes months and costs tens of millions of dollars. This led to concerns that AI would be dominated by a few deep-pocketed firms.
3But that assumption is wrong, says the Google memo. It notes that researchers in the open-source community, using free, online resources, are now achieving results comparable to the biggest proprietary models. It turns out that LLMs can be “fine-tuned” using a technique called low-rank adaptation, or LoRa. This allows an existing LLM to be optimized for a particular task far more quickly and cheaply than training an LLM from scratch.
4Activity in open-source AI exploded in March, when LLaMA, a model created by Meta, Facebook’s parent, was leaked online. Although it is smaller than the largest LLMs (its smallest version has 7bn parameters, compared with 540bn for Google’s PaLM) it was quickly fine-tuned to produce results comparable to the original version of ChatGPT on some tasks. As open-source researchers built on each other’s work with LLaMA, “a tremendous outpouring of innovation followed,” the memo’s author writes.
5This could have seismic implications for the industry’s future. “The barrier to entry for training and experimentation has dropped from the total output of a major research organization to one person, an evening, and a beefy laptop,” the Google memo claims. An LLM can now be fine-tuned for $100 in a few hours. With its fast-moving, collaborative and low-cost model, “open-source has some significant advantages that we cannot replicate.” Hence the memo’s title: this may mean Google has no defensive “moat” against open-source competitors. Nor, for that matter, does OpenAI.
6Not everyone agrees with this thesis. It is true that the internet runs on open-source software. But people use paid-for, proprietary software, from Adobe Photoshop to Microsoft Windows, as well. AI may find a similar balance. Moreover, benchmarking AI systems is notoriously hard. Yet even if the memo is partly right, the implication is that access to AI technology will be far more democratized than seemed possible even a year ago. Powerful LLMs can be run on a laptop; anyone who wants to can now fine-tune their own AI.
7This has both positive and negative implications. On the plus side, it makes monopolistic control of AI by a handful of companies far less likely. It will make access to AI much cheaper, accelerate innovation across the field and make it easier for researchers to analyse the behaviour of AI systems (their access to proprietary models was limited), boosting transparency and safety. But easier access to AI also means bad actors will be able to fine-tune systems for nefarious purposes, such as generating disinformation. It means Western attempts to prevent hostile regimes from gaining access to powerful AI technology will fail. And it makes AI harder to regulate, because the genie is out of the bottle.
8Whether Google and its ilk really have lost their moat in AI will soon become apparent. But as with those previous memos, this feels like another turning point for computing.
四、Isle of Man banks on medicinal cannabis to diversify economy
1The Isle of Man has for decades been dominated by off shore financial services, but now its government plans a push for a new kind of economic growth: medicinal cannabis. The British crown dependency hopes to license as many as 10 firms by the end of 2025 to grow and export medicinal cannabis products from the island as part of a strategy to spur development.
2Tim Johnston, the Isle of Man’s minister for enterprise, said the island’s government was “really looking to diversify our economy”, and that encouraging a medicinal cannabis industry was one aspect of a plan to nearly double GDP by 2032, create 5,000 more jobs and give younger Manx opportunities on the island. Johnston said: “We recognize we’ve got an older population. We’re keen to see that change.”
3The island in the middle of the Irish Sea has a population of 84,000, and an economy that has long left behind sectors such as fishing in favour of financial services. Insurance is the largest sector, accounting for nearly a quarter of the £5bn annual output, while the next largest is gambling: Isle of Man firms offer “white label” services to essentially lend their licences to non-UK companies. It is also judged as a tax haven and a financial secrecy jurisdiction by tax campaigners. The Tax Justice Network claims that financial flows through the territory cost other countries billions of pounds every year in lost revenues.
4Johnston rejected criticisms of the role of the Isle of Man’s financial services industry in the global economy, saying the island had strong regulation and transparency. However, he said there was overwhelming support for looking towards medicinal cannabis and other industries as the government seeks to increase the island’s population to 100,000 over the next 15 years. He said: “As a high-value, low-volume manufacturing business it fits well into what we need to do on the island.” The government issued its first conditional licence to the startup GrowLab Organics last year. Licensing is being handled by officials from the gambling regulator, as the government decided this was quicker than setting up a new body.
5cannabis-based medicinal products – mainly prescribed for chronic pain – were legalised in the UK in 2018 after similar moves in much of Europe, Canada and several US states. Only specialist doctors can prescribe the drug in the UK and all companies selling it have to meet the exacting requirements of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The Isle of Man producers will not have a free run at the UK market. Jersey and Guernsey, two other crown dependencies, have already legalised medicinal cannabis cultivation.
6Producers will also compete with a handful of UK companies that have gone through the arduous process of gaining Home Office approval to produce medicinal cannabis. GW Pharmaceuticals was the UK pioneer before being bought for $7.2bn (£5.7bn), while Celadon Pharmaceuticals this year gained permission to sell cannabis oil in the UK. Phytome, based in Cornwall, is focusing on researching and extracting compounds from cannabis plants rather than selling to pharmacies.
7GrowLab Organics hopes to export 15 tonnes of medicinal cannabis a year from the Isle of Man. It has applied for planning permission to build a growing facility. Once built it will qualify for a full licence, provided it meets defined criteria. One of the island’s main advantages is “to be legislatively agile”, according to Alex Fray, one of GrowLab’s founders and an Isle of Man resident for almost a decade. “It has to keep reinventing itself to survive.”
五、Drug policy:Up in smoke
The European legalisation of cannabis moves into the slow-dopey lane
1cannabis is easily the most popular illicit drug in Europe. About 28% of adult Europeans have taken a toke during their lifetime; the French top the league of stoners, at almost 45%. Moreover, attitudes towards the drug’s use are changing rapidly. In Germany, for example, support for legalisation has moved from 30% in favour in 2014 to 61% last year.
2Yet Germany’s plans to move to full legalisation of consumption and sales came to an abrupt halt last month. Until recently, Germany’s health minister, Karl Lauterbach, had been upbeat about the prospects for radical change. But following talks with the European commission the plan has gone up in a cloud of smoke, like the comedians Cheech and Chong’s famous van made of weed. Shorn of a German impetus, Europe-wide cannabis reform now looks unlikely any time soon.
3Under Germany’s revised strategy, adults will be allowed to grow cannabis in their own home and to form “cannabis social clubs”. These are non-profit associations within which the growth and distribution of cannabis is permitted, though the product cannot be sold to anyone else. Rather than blazing a trail in Europe, then, the Germans are following a highly limited strategy that even strict countries such as Spain and Malta have already adopted.
4Nobody is entirely clear why the Germans watered down their plans, says Dorien Rook maker, a Dutch mep who is involved in a cross-party European Parliament group on the legalisation of cannabis for personal use. But Martin Jelsma of the Transnational Institute, a Dutch-founded think-tank, thinks the reason is that the proposals are not in compliance with an EU Council framework decision on drugs in 2004, nor with three relevant un treaties. The EU’s framework agreement harmonised minimum sentences for drug-trafficking offences in the bloc, but it left the EU’s member states some legal discretion when it comes to personal use, social clubs and the possession of weed.
5Germany is also now planning for a second phase that involves pilot projects in which local sales will be allowed. Details of these schemes have not yet been announced. Will they actually happen? Possibly. The Netherlands is planning to launch just such a scheme, known as the Wie experiment, or “weed experiment”, by the end of 2023 in ten municipalities (Amsterdam’s “coffee shops” are an exemption carved out before the 2004 framework came into effect). The Czech Republic, also gung-ho on the liberalization of cannabis laws, seems likely to follow.
6The legal status of these pilot schemes for sales is grey. Mr. Jelsma says it would be helpful if the commission were to give some indication as to what its position is on the question. On the face of it the schemes do breach EU laws. But as they are not on a national scale, and are time-limited, the commission may not want to start an infringement procedure.
7The shift in German policy represents a kicking of the can on the full European legalisation of cannabis. One factor may well be that no one has the appetite for such regulatory aggravation right now, with a war in Ukraine and high inflation to contend with. Still, Ms. Rookmaker thinks further shifts are still possible if enough countries keep pushing.
六、Class and coaches:Big deals on the bus
Africa’s middle classes hit the road
1The Ugandan traffic officer slid back the door of the 14-seater taxi to find 20 adults, four children, and a squashed Economist correspondent. “Why are none of you complaining?” she asked, peering into the tangle of limbs. Indeed, nobody had said anything as the conductor had delayed departure to stuff his minibus beyond legal limits. And now they kept quiet as the policewoman ordered the excess passengers to disembark. A mile down the road, with the cops out of sight, the evictees squeezed back in again, having hitched a ride on tactically positioned motorbikes.
2The policewoman’s question is pertinent. Why should African travellers put up with discomfort and delay? Shared taxis and intercity buses routinely leave hours late. Most passengers tolerate bad service with surprising equanimity. But some of them are starting to demand a better one—a sign of rising incomes and the changing economic value of time.
3Public transport in Uganda often tests patience. Your correspondent once sought a ride from a taxi park in Lira, a northern town. “Hurry, hurry,” urged a tout, steering him towards a packed vehicle with a revving engine. Ten minutes later, with the taxi still motionless, a passenger stepped out to “buy a soda” and never returned. A quarter of an hour passed, and another did the same, then another. It eventually became clear that almost all the “passengers” were paid stooges, enticing customers with the illusion that the taxi was full and ready to leave.
4The answer to the policewoman’s question is given by Huzairu Lubega, who manages a bus company. Buses with fewer than 45 passengers cannot cover the costs of fuel and maintenance, he says, so they wait for hours for extra travellers. The only way to leave on time would be to raise the price of tickets. Passengers accept delays because they understand this trade-off, and are too pinched to pay for a faster service. When most people are hard up, late departures are the market equilibrium.”
5But as incomes rise, so does the opportunity cost of waiting around. In January Global coaches, which runs to the prosperous city of Mbarara, launched an “executive” bus service in response to customer demand. travellers pay a third more than the usual fare in return for air conditioning, larger seats, folding tables and complimentary water. Even better, the bus leaves on time. “You know the schedule so you can plan your day properly,” says Pius Mugabe, an engineer with a window seat. Without wishing to sound “fancy”, “you are seated with people you can relate to”.
6 This kind of premium service is already well established in wealthier African countries. Some Kenyan bus companies offer an earthbound version of the airline experience, replete with on-board Wi-Fi, refreshments, a “business-class” section and cavernous VIP seats. Their customers are not the moneyed elite, who are chauffeured about in oversized Toyota Prado’s. Instead, they are an emerging class of salaried workers and small-businesspeople who cannot afford to drive but still have meetings to attend on time.
7Scholars have spilled much ink debating the size of the African middle class. Some definitions are so broad as to encompass almost anyone who is not living in poverty. Others count only the affluent minority who live a Western lifestyle. But another way to understand class is through the subtle markers of social distinction. Just look for a punctual departure and a bit of leg room.